Is Vaping Safe？what you need to known?
电子烟安全吗？你须要理解哪些情形？
The headlines scream it every day: is it safe? But is that even the right question to ask?
By Jim McDonald -June 22, 2018
电子烟安全问题日见一怼，彷佛已经司空见惯了。不过，这个问题本身是否‘精确’？——作者
Is vaping safe? Merriam-Webster defines safe as free from harm or risk. So, no, vaping is not safe. Neither is eating pretzels. Ask former President George W. Bush about that. Very few products or activities can ever offer guarantees of being “safe.”
Vape安全吗？(韦氏)字典里对【安全】的定义是这样的“safe as free from harm or risk”(直译：从危害和风险中解脱出来)，以是，【不】，Vape并不“安全”，就像吃饼干一样。不信你问问前总统George W. Bush (外国政治梗，老布什三大爱好unwanted massages, choking on pretzels and wiping his sweaty hands on Bill Clinton’s shirt. )。事实上，极少数产品或者行为可以从这个层次上称为安全。
But it’s understandable for concerned parents, curious observers, and skeptics to approach the topic of vaping from a perspective of “safety.” People often demand safety from things they’re unfamiliar with — even as they forget that they themselves engage in activities daily that are not safe.
不过，这不能说大家追求安全的体验是缺点的，正相反，对付不理解不熟习的新事物最先被哀求的，便是安全二字，哪怕这些人每天都在做一些“不屈安”的行为。
But those things — like driving, for example — are familiar, and people are willing to accept some risk for the benefits they deliver. Concerns about absolute safety should lead to acceptance of the relative safety of vaping. That should come with education about the fairly low risks of vaping.
就像开车，它的风险是众所周知的，但同时由于驾驶带来的优点而被普遍接管。vape也是如此，绝对的安全是不存在的，【我们现在谈的只是相对的安全】，既“fairly low risks”，相对合理的低风险(这里紧张指针对传统喷鼻香烟而言)。
Let’s have a look at the common points of contention in vaping. From nicotine, to vape devices, to flavoring, to toxins.
下面看看有哪些常见的不雅观点，从尼古丁，设备，口味，到毒性。
简述：上图内容包括了英国PHE的著名不雅观点，电子烟和喷鼻香烟的花费比较，二手烟雾影响比较(CDC)，青少年吸烟数变革，戒烟影响和大众不雅观点(美国)。
末了小字是数据来源。
第一篇
Is it safe to inhale flavorings from vapor?
通过呼吸从蒸汽中摄入风味剂(食品添加剂)安全吗？
The vast majority of chemical flavorings that give e-liquids their unique profiles were never intended to be inhaled. They’re food flavorings, commonly used by bakeries and candy makers. While they are usually viewed by the FDA as GRAS (generally recognized as safe), that’s a designation for ingestion. Honestly, there isn’t much information on how our lungs handle most flavorings.
众所周知，电子烟液中的风味剂(食品添加剂)种类之多，数不胜数，就像烟油牌子一样。但这些食品添加剂从来不是设计用来通过呼吸道来接管的，他们常日是用来做蛋糕等食品的(肠道接管)。当FDA来测试这些添加剂是否影响安全时，也没有按照肺部接管的标准来进行(意指这些传统的食品添加剂的安全测试是通过肠道接管来进行的)。有一说一，以是现在并没有足够的证据和研究，来揭示肺部如何处理这些添加剂的。(实际上网络有干系谈论，各种不雅观点中我方向于“排异说”，下次另表)
Flavorings may irritate the lungs and upper airways, which causes brief and minor inflammation. But since vaping is such a new phenomenon, we just don’t know that chronic airway irritation won’t lead to more serious issues in the long term. Some flavorings are known to be especially powerful irritants. Benzaldehyde (used in cherry and almond flavorings) is among the flavors that has been researched and found to cause upper airway irritation.
风味剂可能刺激呼吸道与肺部，也便是可以使其致敏(发炎)。但是电子烟(相对喷鼻香烟)问世尚短，这类过敏反应是否会引发长期风险，只有韶光才能考验。有一些风味剂具有较强的刺激性，如苯甲醛，也有证据解释与上呼吸道发炎(归根结底还是过敏反应，PG也是有证据的过敏原)有直接联系。
But there is no evidence that inhaling food flavorings is risky either. For all we know, it could be completely safe. Additionally, there are lots of vapers who don’t use flavorings at all. So it’s possible to eliminate what little risk flavorings present, and still keep vaping.
话又说回来，同样也没有直接证据解释吸入食品添加剂有风险(过敏并发的炎症并不等同于致癌或者致病，比如花粉也是著名的过敏原，译者注)。我们现在知道的，他同样也可能完备安全。其余咱说的是，有些vapers乃至不该用含有添加剂的烟油，也容许以通过这种方法来规避潜在风险(VG甘油本身有甜味)。
【把稳！
谣言粉碎机】
No smoker or vaper has been diagnosed with popcorn lung.
不管是抽传统喷鼻香烟或是电子烟的人群，从来没有人被诊断成【爆米花肺】
One group of flavorings has been linked to serious lung damage, when inhaled in large quantities. Diketones are a family of chemicals that are usually used to impart a savory or buttery flavor in e-liquid. They include acetyl proprionyl, acetoin, and the famous diacetyl.
当追求大烟雾时，一组风味剂被指向有造成肺部损伤的风险。这些风味剂被指含有二元酮，并且被用于喷鼻香薄荷或黄油口味的烟油中。二元酮同族的化学剂还包括乙酰，乙偶姻和著名的二乙酰。
Diacetyl made headlines around the country in the early 2000’s when workers at a Missouri microwave popcorn factory were diagnosed with an incurable lung condition called bronchiolitis obliterans after working with diacetyl used to flavor the popcorn. The condition was nicknamed popcorn lung.
二乙酰在2000年早期就出名了，当时密苏里州的微波炉用爆米花工厂被创造的，它被诊断闭塞性细支气管炎，既爆米花肺，其罪魁罪魁便是二乙酰。
However, vapers using e-liquids that contain diacetyl would probably be unable to ever inhale diketones in amounts comparable to what the popcorn workers experienced. Cigarettes contain diacetyl too, and considerably more than any e-liquid — in fact, hundreds of times more. So is it safe to inhale diacetyl? Possibly not, but your odds are better vaping it than smoking. Not all e-liquid contains diketones anyway. And, by the way, no smoker or vaper has been diagnosed with popcorn lung.
然而，在利用含有二乙酰的烟液所产生的二元酮和哪些爆米花厂工人所吸收的剂量完备不能比较，更要强调的是，喷鼻香烟同样含有二乙酰，而且含量不低，更确切的说是电子烟的百倍以上。以是，抽喷鼻香烟而得爆米花肺的几率要高。其余，并不是所有电子烟油的都利用含有二乙酰的添加剂。值得一提的是，并没有任何老烟民和vapers被确诊过爆米花肺。(还是知乎的老话，离开剂量谈……)
第二篇
Is vaping nicotine safe?
尼古丁安全吗
The nicotine in e-cigarettes is the same pharmaceutical nicotine used in nicotine inhalers, patches, gum and other nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) products. The difference is that with vaping the user can customize how much nicotine is taken in. Also, it’s more fun, and to a smoker it feels a lot like smoking.
电子烟中的尼古丁和医用吸入器，戒烟贴，戒烟口喷鼻香糖中尼古丁等并无二致，都被用于NRT尼古丁替代疗法的实践中。不同的是Vaping的尼古丁含量的高低可以由玩家自行决定。并且摄入办法与喷鼻香烟相似(以是更随意马虎被烟民接管)
Because of its association with smoking, nicotine has a bad reputation. But in reality it’s a fairly benign and mild stimulant, similar in effect to caffeine. It doesn’t cause cancer, and it doesn’t seem to cause other diseases either. Nicotine is probably safe for most people to use.
由于与喷鼻香烟联系在一起，尼古丁的名声一贯不好。
但实际上，尼古丁仅仅算是良性和温和的愉快剂，这点跟咖啡很像。尼古丁并不会诱发癌症，也不大可能导致其他疾病。对大部分人来说，利用尼古丁是安全的。
Like caffeine, it causes a temporary increase in heart rate and high blood pressure because it constricts the blood vessels when it’s absorbed. That might make vaping nicotine a poor choice for people with serious heart problems — but, as always, a better choice than smoking.
正如咖啡因一样，它将加速心跳和提高血压，由于接管尼古丁时，它会使血管壁紧缩。以是，尼古丁对付有心脏病的人来说是不太得当的，但是，话说回来，至少比吸烟强。
E-liquid should be kept in child-resistant bottles and locked away from curious kids.
电子烟液必须保持在孩童触碰不到的地方，并且瓶盖可以锁紧，以防止孩童打开。
Nicotine is often described as being “as addictive as heroin,” but that is far from true. Smokers get a freebase blast of nicotine to the brain, combined with other substances that increase nic’s addictive potential. Other forms of consumption, like NRT or smokeless tobacco, release the drug slowly into the body. Vaping may be somewhere between the two, but is probably closer to the latter than the former.
尼古丁常常被宣扬成“跟海洛因一样至瘾”，不过这与事实相差甚远。喷鼻香烟通过燃烧将尼古丁和其他燃烧产物一同“迅速”浸染于人体系统，这将提高至瘾的可能性。其他摄入办法，如NRT或者非燃烧烟草，开释尼古丁的速率远不及燃烧的快。而Vaping介乎两者之间，大概从数值上更靠近后者。
One thing that is not debatable: nicotine is absolutely not safe for young children to drink. E-liquid should be kept in child-resistant bottles and locked away from curious kids.
在这方面唯有一事不容争议，尼古丁对婴幼儿是不屈安的，任何含有尼古丁的产品都该当放在孩童打仗不到的地方。
第三篇
Concerns about toxins in vaping
关于电子烟的毒性
A group of Portland State University researchers found that if you turn up the power on a vape to a level no human could tolerate, an inexpensive clearomizer would produce high levels of formaldehyde. Thinking they had struck anti-vaping gold, they rushed the information into a letter to the New England Journal of Medicine, which published it. The result? Headlines around the world like “E-cigarette vapor filled with cancer-causing chemicals, researchers say.”
波兰大学的一组研究职员创造如果你将电子烟的功率提高到一定程度，会有大量甲醛伴生。作者严重疑惑该组职员收了黑钱，由于这种高温的蒸汽是凡人难以忍受的，不可能有人会在这种状态下利用电子烟(既所谓干烧，过烧)。他们将结论寄给New England Journal of Medicine新英伦医学日报，并以“研究表明：电子烟的化学产物严重致癌”的大标题加以揭橥。
“The conditions used to study the e-cigarette aerosol at the high voltage setting were unrealistic and under such conditions, a vaper would never be able to use the product,” wrote Dr. Michael Siegel, an M.D. and public health professor at Boston University. “This is because the wattage being used was so high that the vaporizer was overheated (for a conventional e-cigarette it would likely damage or burn the coils), creating a horrible taste which a vaper could not tolerate.”
“该组试验结论的建立条件是高瓦数下，这种题设是不实际的，任何一个玩家都不会在这种条件下利用电子烟”, 波士顿大学的MD和公共康健教授Dr. Michael Siegel提出了回嘴见地。“高瓦数下蒸发器过热，这会导致棉花和发热丝的破坏，并且产生一种难闻的气味，没有人会吸收这种情形”
Vapers call it a dry hit or dry puff. It happens by accident when an atomizer goes dry, or the wick can’t keep up with the vapor being produced. Measuring the toxins that result from it is a useless enterprise, since no one would ever inhale it for more than a split second.
玩家称之为干烧或者过烧，仅在意外时才会发生。当干烧发生时，或者棉花不能流畅供油时，这种情形下的测试毒素天生毫无意义，大家都会在创造这种情形的一瞬间停滞，就像烫到嘴一样。
There are other known toxins in e-cig vapor. But none of them are found in quantities likely to cause harm to the vaper. According to the Royal College of Physicians, “In normal conditions of use, toxin levels in inhaled e-cigarette vapour are probably well below prescribed threshold limit values for occupational exposure, in which case significant long-term harm is unlikely.”
电子烟还有其他有名的毒素，不过没有一种有足够的剂量对人体产生侵害。根据“Royal College of Physicians”的不雅观点“正常利用下，毒素水平远不到当心阀值，这也意味着也不太可能有长期侵害”
We breathe and ingest toxins all the time.
我们与毒素同呼吸共命运……
We breathe and ingest toxins all the time — a fact often glossed over in the chemophobic articles and books popular these days. If they are found at low levels that the body can easily process, they don’t accumulate and cause health problems. There are a lot of studies on various vapor constituents that sound frightening, but there’s still no evidence of actual harm being caused. That doesn’t mean that some real threat may not be lurking, but the odds are against it.
我们时候呼吸着毒素，这个不雅观点最近特殊盛行于化学界和各种书本中。如果他们创造一个阀值，人体可以通过排异来达到清理体内毒素而不产生陈集，也不会因此诱发疾病。这些就行的不雅观点听起来吓人，但目前仍没有导致实际侵害的证据涌现。到这并不虞味着不存在危险，但请理智估算。
第四篇
Are devices for vaping safe?
电子烟的设备安全吗？
As with any electronic device powered by lithium batteries, there is some small risk of a battery being defective, or the charging circuits malfunctioning. There are a lot more cell phone fires than there are vape explosions, but since non-smokers use phones too, the public isn’t as frightened of phones.
任何电子设备都一样，由锂电池驱动，而风险正来自电池本身，包括充电。正如有很多手机涌现事件一样，电子烟设备也可能涌现这样的问题。但正如人们并不因此害怕利用手机，同样也不必因此害怕利用电子烟。
Most vaping battery accidents happen through careless handling of loose batteries, improper charging, or inexperienced vapers using mechanical mods meant for advanced hobbyists. With caution and an eye toward battery safety, there’s no reason vapers should have to worry much about their devices malfunctioning.
大多数电池事件发生于破损的外皮，非常规充电，或者新手利用机器杆时的失落误。在看重电池安全和谨慎利用的条件下，没有情由过分担心设备的故障。
第五篇
Are you asking the right question?
你问对问题了吗？
If you still want to ask if vaping is safe after understanding that it’s safer than smoking, we can explore some potential sources of risk. But remember, no one ever says that vaping — or anything — is “safe.” The best we can say is that it offers relative safety.
在理解了喷鼻香烟和电子烟的危害后，若你仍旧想问Vaping是否安全，我们可以明确的说它是有一些潜在的风险。不过要精确理解这句话的意思，没人说过任何事情，包括电子烟，是绝对安全的。电子烟供应的是一种(与喷鼻香烟比较)相对的安全。
If you’re not already a smoker, there’s no reason to start vaping, especially if you have concerns about safety. The risks and benefits of vaping should always be considered in relation to the dangers of smoking. Vaping is nowhere near as risky as smoking. But it’s unlikely to be as safe as breathing clean air.
如果你不是烟民，你就没有任何情由开始vape之行，特殊是对安全特殊关心的人。电子烟的风险和好处便是针对传统喷鼻香烟而言的。Vaping的风险远不及传统喷鼻香烟(smoking)，但这并不是说吸电子烟能像呼吸新鲜空气一样安全。
译者读后感
1 harm reduce ≠ harmless，两害相较取其轻
2 替烟是个人生活办法，对付个人而言，没有‘还不如戒烟’的说法
3 这篇文章所陈述的事实和不雅观点，比那些宣扬电子烟清肺，治阳痿等等乱码七糟的东西要强
